Is It the Author, or His Content? Essay examples -- Orson Scott Cards

Orson Scott billhooks novel, Enders Game, has been the most popular science fiction novel since its release is 1985. term the book is essentially a fantasy, it contains a lot of scientific and philosophical information that are both manifest and latent. The issue that critics argue over whitethorn not necessarily refer to the plot of the book, but rather to its moral dynamics. In this literary analysis, we will analyze Ender and his siblings relationship by referencing the Personality Development theory, and the history of many historic biblical saints. But first, the author himself will be analyzed in order to understand what influenced him to publish such a popular book. As an author, professor, columnist, and political activist, Orson Scott Card possesses a well-rounded and immense amount of talent. He has been awarded the Hugo and Nebula awards for his outstanding work in Enders Game and its sequel, Speaker for the Dead (About). But as one may know, his literary legacy did not conform overnight. As a child, Card showed many different interests that ranged from reading books about the French revolution to playing the French horn in his schools marching band. While in school, he much soaked in in new information that was presented to him. During junior high, Card had his first acquaintance with mock political bates and Greek literature from authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Plutarch, and many other writers of the ancient world (About). Today, much of Cards interests as a child still coincide with his interests as an adult, and typically can be found in most of his literary work. Card once wrote that there is always moral instructions whether the writer inserts it deliberately or not but when he writes without deli... ...aks for itself. Works CitedAbout Orson Scott Card. About Orson Scott Card. Hatrack River Enterprises Inc., n.d. Web. 09 May 2014. Card, Orson Scott. Enders Game. New York Tor, 1991. Print. Kessel, John. Creating the Innocent Kille r Enders Game, Intention, and Morality. Foundastion, the International Review of Science Fiction. ninetieth ed. Vol. 33. N.p. n.p., 2004. N. pag.Myers, David G., Richard O. Straub, and Thomas Ludwig. Personality. Psychology. 8th ed. New York Worth, 2007. 598. Print. OConnor, Daniel William. The Man and His Position among the Disciples. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. Reiter, Geoffrey. Enders Game, Genocide, and Moral Culpability. patheos.com. Patheos, 8 Nov. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2014St. Valentine Beheaded. History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014.

Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ben and JerrysBen and Jerrys ice cream and the amazing success the partnership has experience oer the years could be loosely summed up as a story that began with two friends coming together with a vision to create a company that did not adhere to the traditional corporate rules of running a business. They some(prenominal) had certain ideals and a socially and economic responsible opinion on how a capitalist business should be run. There are a lot of similarities in the way this company is run and operated when compared to South West Airlines. They are of rush offering two different things to there customers, South West providing a service where Ben and Jerrys are providing a product but the way that they go about there daily business in the spirit of treating people a certain way, and setting out to complete a different material body of vision then say a more traditional company would is very similar. Jerry Greenfield and Ben Cohen where both born in young York in 1951. On Merr ick, immense Island Jerry and Ben first met one another in junior high school. Jerry graduated from high school with a national merit scholarship and enrolled at Oberlin College in Ohio to study pre-med. While studying there Jerry got his first experience working in the ice cream industry when he hired by the his schools cafeteria as an ice cream scooper. After graduating from college Jerry applied to medical school but did not accepted. He worked as a lab technician back in New York where he moved in with Jerry in a small apartment on East 10th St. In 1976 Ben and Jerry relocated to Saratoga Springs, New York. Where they both decided to pursue their dream of fathering a food business together. They decided to go with ice cream and began researching the industry. They both enrolled in a tail fin dollar correspondence course in ice cream making at Penn State and soon after they set up their first Ben & international ampereere Jerrys ice cream parlor in Burlington Vermont.(1)Like B en and Jerrys South West to began with two friends coming together with a vision. Rollin King and herb Kellher where talking one evening complaining about the high fares for short airline commutes between Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston, and Rollin King said to Herb "lets start an airline." However it was not that easy for South West Airlines to get off the ground. They had many legal battles from the major airlines companies at the time to ... ... a dynasty on this planet has yet to live forever. There is documentation of empires and governments that have fallen, and the reason behind them failing is always, for the most part, the will of the people in action. Corporations have established themselves as the corner stones of our modern society that we live in today. New ways of thinking are the best approach to avoid making mistakes that have been do in the past. Ben and Jerrys have been known for there unprecedented rate of giving to charitable organizations in the cor porate world, a full 7.5% of its pretax profits(4) as compared to the norm American corporation of one percent.(2) Works Cited(1) www.benandjerrys.com(2) Article Joel Makower Business For Social Responsibility, Beyond the bottom Line.(1994) http//www.findarticles.com/(3) Daniel Kadlec, The New World of Corporate Giving, (May 5, 1997) www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/dom/970505/business.the_new_world.html(4) The Ben & Jerrys Foundation, Foundation Guidelines, www.benjerry.com/foundation/index.html (5) Murray Raphel, Whats the Scoop on Ben & Jerry, DIRECT MARKETING MAGAZINE (1994)http//www.findarticles.com/

Stephen Leacocks Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich :: Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich Essays

Stephen Leacocks Arcadian Adventures with the Idle bountifulJonathan Swift has suggested that Satire is a sort ofGlass, wherein Beholders do generally discover every bodys Facetheir own which is the chief reason...that so few ar offendedwith it. Richard Garnett suggests that, Without humour, satireis invictive without literary form, and it is mere clownishjeering. (Encyclopaedia Britannica fourteenth ed. vol. 20 p. 5).Whereas Swifts statement suggests that people are not offendedby satire because readers identify the characters faults withtheir own faults Garnett suggests that humour is the key elementthat does not open satire offensive. With any satire someone isbound to be offended, but the technique the author uses dejectionchange something offensive into something embarrassing. Stephen Leacocks Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich isa nonthreatening, humorous, and revealing satire of the moralfaults of upper class society. The satire acts as a moralinstrument to expose the effect money can have on religion,government, and anything within its touch. Writing about suchtopics is hard to do without offending people. Leacockstechnique combines money with humour, and accompanies his moralmessage with ironic characters their overstate actions, and aconstant comical tone to prevent readers from being offended. Leacocks utopian gentlemans gentleman is filled with humorous labels thatrepresent the Plutonians personalities. Ourselves Monthly amagazine for the newfangled self-centered, is a Plutonian favourite.To fill their idle days, the Plutonian women are in an endlesssearch for trends in literature and religion. Without thedistractions of club luncheons and trying to achieve the highIndifference, the women would have to do something productive.Readers that identify themselves with the class of people thePlutonians represent would be embarrassed rather than offended byLeacocks satirical portrayal of them. The Yahi-Bahi oriental Society exaggerates the stu pidityof the Plutonians to a point where the reader laughs at thecharacters misfortunes. The con men give ridiculous propheciessuch as Many things are til now to happen before others begin.(Leacock 87), and eventually take their money and jewelry. Theexaggeration increases the humour while the moral message isdisplayed. The characters of the novel are ironic in the sence thatthey percieve themselves as being the pinicle of society, yetLeacock makes the look like fools. For someone who pridesthemself on being an expert on just about everything, Mr.Lucullus Fyshes (as slimmy and cold as his name represents)perceptions are proven false. Mr. Fyshe makes hypocraticstatments about ruling class tyranny, while barking down the neckof a poor waiter for serving cold asparagus. Leacock exposes the whole Plutonian buisness world to be

Violent Behavior and the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Violent Behavior and the Brain - Do we know it all?The DMZ, which runs through Central Vietnam is a place where undisputed violence was unleashed for over a decade in the late sixties and early seventies. During the year that I worked in Vietnam, I often returned to this spot to watch the American Veterans, who would stand at the top of Marble Mountain, withered, with vacant stares out towards the stretch of beach known only to the Americans as China. It was mystifying to consider the sharp contrast that must realize seemed all too apparent to them as the sounds of war loomed in their memories and the calm ocean stretched out before them now so serenely. It was then that I prototypical started to consider what causes man to become so enraged as to commit atrocities of the mind, body and soul. Violence - pure and simple, is intrinsic to humanity. It almost goes unnoticed as a way of life in many communities. Drive through North Philadelphia on a spring afternoon and witness what app ears to be life disappearing, pull back under the concrete and graffiti. Look closer and witness the bullet holes in the walls of homes and cars. Still, there are other communities, such as North Brooklyn, where the rate of detestation has been diminishing for the past twenty-five years. It seems, in fact, that violent evil does not behave as predicted. Social scientists have begun to suggest that, in fact, violent crime needs to be viewed much like an infectious disease. Simultaneously, neurobiologists have developed intricate research models and techniques to examine whether or not there are biological triggers that cause individuals to act violently. What if violence were to be truly considered an epizootic - one with BOTH neurological and sociological explanations? Being a public health practician and activist, I am inclined to champion the cause of social scientists and the role that society, economy, and politics play in the make-up of a violent individual. What is the env ironment that allows an epidemic of violence to overtake a community and how does it initiate in the individual? Epidemiologists consider an epidemic to reach its tipping point when it turns into a public health crisis. As Malcolm Gladwell notes in his article, The Tipping Point, Every epidemic has its tipping point, and to fight an epidemic you need to understand what that point is. What then, is the tipping point for an individual who is motivated to act violently?

Allys Wisdom :: College Admissions Essays

Allys Wisdom   I have baby-sat Ally, a little girl who has mild autism, for the past several years. She used to only discourse a few words and sit still only five minutes at a time. Now she is a child who can tattle up a storm and sit with me for hours while we enjoy a video. She is cute, funny, bright, and very caring.   Like the rest of us, Ally has her ups and downs. There are moments when she is confident and moments when she is olfactory property a bit confused. She can be serious or delightfully silly.   One thing that distinguishes Ally is the tendency to think in very cover terms. When she was young, we often played the What is it? game. I choose an object she identified it. The light switch was light on-off, and the doorknob was door open-close. At first I thought, Thats non what its called. Then I realized how arbitrary our conventional labels are. Ally identified things for their purpose and function.   Even now when I talk to her on the phone and as k, What are you doing?, she answers Im talking to you. I have realized that if I wanted to know what she was doing before she came to the phone, thats what I should have asked. Sometimes we think we are communicating clearly, when what we govern can actually be confusing for others.   Ally helped me the most when my grandmother died. She knew that I was upset because she could see that I had been crying. When she asked me what was the matter, I told her I was sad because I missed my grandmother. She looked at me and said, Why dont you try smiling? At first I thought that her suggestion was foolish, but I have realized the

Allys Wisdom :: College Admissions Essays

Allys Wisdom   I take for baby-sat Ally, a little girl who has mild autism, for the past several years. She apply to only speak a few words and sit still only five minutes at a time. Now she is a barbarian who can talk up a storm and sit with me for hours while we enjoy a video. She is cute, funny, bright, and very caring.   Like the rest of us, Ally has her ups and downs. There ar moments when she is confident and moments when she is feeling a bit confused. She can be serious or delightfully silly.   One thing that distinguishes Ally is the tendency to think in very concrete terms. When she was young, we often played the What is it? game. I choose an object she identified it. The light switch was light on-off, and the doorknob was door open-close. At first-class honours degree I thought, Thats not what its called. Then I realized how arbitrary our conventional labels be. Ally identified things for their purpose and function.   Even now when I talk to her on th e phone and ask, What are you doing?, she answers Im talking to you. I have realized that if I wanted to know what she was doing before she came to the phone, thats what I should have asked. Sometimes we think we are communicating clearly, when what we say can actually be confusing for others.   Ally helped me the most when my grandmother died. She knew that I was upset because she could see that I had been crying. When she asked me what was the matter, I told her I was sad because I missed my grandmother. She looked at me and said, Why dont you try smiling? At first I thought that her suggestion was foolish, but I have realized the

A brief analysis of Sir Philip Sidney’s Sonnet Essay

Sir Philip Sidneys Sonnet 7 is from the sonnet sequence Astophel and Stella dating from the one-sixteenth century. It is a lament by one of the central figures, Astophel, a man who is in love with the other central figure, Stella, who is ultimately unattainable because she is married to a nonher(prenominal) man.In the first few lines of the poem, Astrophil talks about Stellas dark-skinned eyes and how they beam so bright (ll. 2) and how in beamy black (ll. 3) she radiates beauty. The excerpt elect begins with Or did she else that sober hue devise,/ In object best to knit and strength our sight, (ll. 5-6) convey that perhaps her eyes are not completely black but she is actually wearing black, and uses this color as an object to help make her more noticeable among other shades and light (ll. 4). The image wedded here is one of black versus white specifically, beamy black (ll. 3) versus luster shades and light (ll. 4). However, as one would more traditionally see the glitter shade s and light as way of strengthening our sight (ll. 6), in this case it is in fact black, that makes her stand out and more noticeable, because she makes it more beautiful than anything else in comparison. In the next two lines Astrophil says, Lest if no veil these brave gleams did disguise,/ They, sun-like, should more dazzle than delight? (ll. 7-8) meaning that if nothing was to cover her black sun-like (ll. 8) eyes it would only further intensify ones confusion rather than just being a source of enjoyment for the onlooker.In the next two lines Astrophil again reiterates how with her miraculous business office (ll. 9) she makes black beautys contrary (ll. 10) a source for all beauties to flow (ll. 11). Coming to the end of the poem, last three lines suggest that perhaps Stella also has some var. of feelings towards Astrophil, or at least respects the fact that he loves her because it is out of her minding Love (ll. 12) that she wears black her mourning weed (ll. 13) and that she wears it to honour all their deaths who for her bleed (ll. 14) meaning for all of the men who have loved and desired her but could not have her, leaving them emotionally dead.These last lines also help establish not only the ultimate truth that Astrophil and Stella will never in reality be together, but also that the only thing left for Astrophil to do is to desire her and long for her as emotionally otherwise, he is dead and not capable of much else. This theme of men falling in love with the unattainable, or in this case unavailable, woman is quite common inromantic sonnets. For example, Wyatts Whoso List to Hunt, or even Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love also describe this hanker desire that men have for these women, and ultimately reveals the trials and tribulations they will go through in order to pursue them. The only work consulted during the composition of this essay was the sonnet itself.

Love, Fear, Sexuality and Society Essay

The dawn of the 16th century, brought with it the evolution of great get byledge, an era of enlightenment, with not only the new growing social lifestyle of slew only when also the evolution in their thinking. The idea of love and panic therefore was the one peeed and molded into a new sculpture by the revolutionist and philosophers and how we know the right and wrong today is what was established done the writings of these intellectuals years ago.Founder of semipolitical sciences of the 15th century, Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, was an Italian born writer, philosopher, and political leader who through the capacity of his pen and intellect was able to give the world a new perspective of the never dieing entity, love and hope. As a populace of Renaissance, while holding a high political position, his writings be also a combination of his deep political thought and insight. He is just about famous for his short novel, The Prince, which is his realistic approach towa rds the political discourse of that time accomplishment, exhibiting the advance towards power.The Prince, originally create verbally in 1513 (however got published in 1532), is kn consume as a political treatise, for its formal exposition of the ideology of political affairs. It is usually alluded to organism called as a piece of act which represents the word Machiavellian, which refers to the playing governance in a ruthless way in order to retain power and position to a greater extentover hu populacey critics have also states the story to be satire. The novel is a form of guide for a ruling or an expected prince, of how he can attain his throne, and then make sure that he remains in power and control.The idea of attaining the power is placed as crucial and primary to all, even where principality comes secondary to its approach, which he does so by dictating old examples of rulers, and making his own generalizations and hypothesizes upon them. jibe to Machiavelli, the first mo ral of ruling is to have an economically and politically stable country, and then it is upon the ruler as to how he would protect it even if the ways used by him were cruel, they remained justifiable as long as they kept her power sustained.The main purpose of the book was to apologize Machiavellis dexterity and knowledge in politics, not promoting love and prosperity between powers, only when rather working by conquering peoples fright and force. There argon various beginnings discussed by the author in the book such as military and defense, which are the prerequisites of a firm state, having a fortified and well protected area, with no help being taken from allies as that would be a burden of favor, and stand brave in the battlefield.The book quite rigidity states that attributes such as mercy, religiousness, and principality, are good virtues too possess, but are not for a prince to adapt, as he at times has to work a receivest them in order to defend his land. Also that a p rince is better at being known as a miser than as a generous ruler, as it would weaken his economic status as well as bring grief upon people with larger taxes, thus having a uncollectible reputation would be better than rather ending up with aught. In answering to the idea of love and fear Machiavelli states that it would be best to be both loved and feared.But since the two rarely come together, any(prenominal)one compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than in being loved. (Machiavelli, Chapter 17, pp 60) He believes that commitments made under fear, are always kept firm while a prince should also be careful that he is not feared to the luff of hatred. Creating fear within the com spelldment of an army is necessary in order to gain their respect, and it should be brought upon the garrison even if the prince has to turn towards cruelty.Through the book the author emphasizes the detail that the only power which kept a prince from winning over his land a nd also his people is actually his ability to rule, rather than his fortune. He dictates the examples of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus Hannibal who maintained a strong fear throughout his army, which consisted of soldiers of various races, and it was this fear of his which kept the army sturdy and united through out his reign while Scipio, no egress had great abilities but is famous for the mutinies and trouble he had to face from the side of his own army.Virtue for Machiavelli did not carry a moral tone but it was rather based upon skill, courage, physical and mental capacity. However, in chapter of 8 of his book, the author mentions that no proposition cruelty is important for governance but it should be correctly utilized to attain a goal, but if it is made repetitive and arouses constant fear amongst the citizens then the prince does not contain any ability.It is not necessary for him to be loved, but he should be close enough to his people that he is not even hated, and thus requires both wisdom and courage and above that the peripheral point should be established by which the prince is feared but not hated. And who could understand the complexities and the queries of life in a more powerful than the searcher of the constitution, Plato, one of the greatest Greek philosophers.Born in 427 BC in Athens, Plato was the student of Socrates, and had his theories as an explanation and an elaboration of those presented by his master. Most of his writings are found in the form of a dialogue between him and Socrates, discussing numerous fascinating topics. Gorgias, is one of the closely famous dialogues written by Plato, in which he defines a homosexuals virtuously right and proper nature. (Plato, 1994) It is believed to be a transitional dialogue, in which Plato represents Socrates teachings towards him in an indirect manner.This dialogue is seen to be carried out between Socrates, Gorgias and Callicles who are both rhetoricians, Pollus and Chaerephon who are both philosophy students and the dialogue begins from Socrates side to prove the rhetoricians for being only people of sheer words. This dialogue is famous for the themes which it carries such as that of morality, philosophy and spirituality forms into a debate between truth and falsehood. Socrates in his dialogue proving refutation explains that it is worse to inflict evil upon somebody rather than being an innocent victim ofit and the most, unhappy man of the world would be the one who doesnt meet his just punishment. While the best cure for an evil man would be when he meets his justice paying for his sins. He believes that a wrong doer should be left on his own, his body to rot in the anguish of his own guilt and only with time when he realizes his guilt would his sins be forgiven and he move towards becoming a better and stronger soulfulness no matter the rhetoricians disagree with his thought, as they believe that such treatment would be doing more evil than benefiting for good.Socrates ends the dialogue by explaining that on the Day of Judgment, man would be scrutinized and judged au naturel(p) so that there are no hindrances for what he truly is. He believes that the evil doers body would be brandished by their sins, and they would be identifiable. According to Socrates, in the dialogue a mans virtue should be his ultimate goal, which should be based upon principles, and truth while those who tend to love their own self alone and indulge in self pampering, are the selfish ones, as their self gratification would never cease but would only conserve to get bigger with hunger of power and indulgence.Creating fear and causing pain to others is the greatest evil, as identified by Plato and becomes the most significant theme of most of Platos writings because of the unjust and evil death of his teacher Socrates which destroyed his vision of the truth and its enhancement in nature. The dialogue however, concludes by declaring virtue as the good life, whic h can only be attained via the compliance of principles and correct behavioral methods. Both the books Prince and Gorgias, believe in the achievement of power, not only to gain a greater control but also to satisfy and pamper ones own self and agree to the fact that once in power.An individual might stray from principality and truth for long term benefits seen at a larger scale but should refrain from evil as it would create hatred as well as lead to gods in the life of Hereafter. However when Machiavelli describes the attainment of power as mans vital goal, Plato believes into its attainment but to a certain level alone could one sacrifice his principles to achieve it after which he would be nothing but an evil dweller, increasing his part of sins.Both the writings show the difference between the thought of a politician, who take s the world in more of a materialistic manner, and that of a philosopher who takes a deeper look into things and does not talk about an individual alone o r his unitary life but talks about all the third parties affected by his actions and his spiritual life which would also be affected by his balance of truth and falsehood. analyse and describe the relationship between sexuality and inn in the authors read so far.Writers since centuries have talked about how sexuality and society work together, complimenting each other, which bourgeon gradually with the society giving more leverage and promotion at an open arena to sexuality, as it grows wider and is able to compensate more liberal point of views openly. Don Juan, is a classic story which has been told and retold since centuries its legendary tale being changed and evolved with the evolution of time, it has seen changes according to the prevailing circumstances and the notions of the writers who dwelled with its story line.Don Juan, as proclaimed by the Spanish or Don Giovanni as told by the Italians, is the tale of a social libertine, an individual who has given of all the norms and rights of the society, such a psyche who does not believe into the limits of religion or morality. The legend of Don Juan talks about such a person who indulges himself into the pleasure of seducing women and enjoys winning over them. whiz day, Don Juan meets the dead spirit of the founder of a girl he has seduced casually and not knowing it he invites him to his house for dinner.In return to this compliment, the father invites Don Juan to his graveyard for dinner, when he accepts the invitation and extends his hand to the spirit, pulls him into the grave and takes him into the bottomless pit of hell, where he is to burn in the redemption for his unforgivable sins. The oldest version of Don Juan to be placed in writing is believed to be written by Tirso de Molina, by the name El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra.Later a revised edition was written by Moliere, in 1665 who was also made to make continous ammendments by the critics, who took as a largely shameful act an d was not until 1185, that the orignal play was allowed to be acted without censorships. However, the society at that time failed to accept the play, as they found it too liberal and outspoken, which broke the barriers of religion and offended the prestiege of the king. Thus it laid down as least(prenominal) cost effective, and as the protagonist himself is portrayed as a catholic, thsu it further offends the teaches of the church by portraying them as hypocrates and evil doers.On the other hand, the bureau of Don Juan in that era represents how sexulaity was missed used even in those times, but hardly any writteen record is seen because of the fact that the rulers didnt want any such tales to be spoken of openly theey were then brought under the case of adultery. Don Juan, also is the symbol of evil, a womanizer who cannot attain his forgiveness, he has sined so much in his life that even his good deeds are shadowed by his hypocrite nature.Every action of his holds insincerity an d cannot be forgiven, and when in conclusion it is symbolised that he has been taken into the hell, it shows that the world did not contain any less painful avenge for him and his death brought peace to all the woman who had suffered because of his flimsy character. thusly by the story of Don Juan, conceived in the early 17th century, it can be seen that sexuality was miss used even in that time period but the society perferred to keeep it hidden and secretive, burrying such evil facts and tales which spoke against the religious and moral norms of the ruling powers.Evil of the society was thus only a restrained talk in those times. The Prince, a guide for the rulers of the world written by a government official of Florence, Italy, Niccolo Machiavelli, in the 16th Century helps us know today of how gravely was the impact of politics and the attainment of power and prestige in the lives of people of that era.As the book states different tips and ways in which a prince could govern h is kingdom in thee most efficient way winning both his commandment upon army and his position. Machiavelli also believed that gaining love from his people was not the most important part of ruling a prince could never be too generous and lenient with his folk however it was of vital importance that he managed his fear upon them so that he would respect him and treats him with the power and gratitude that he deserves.A ruler was not always successful through his inheritance or his economic strength but he was turned into a symbol of esteem through his ability which not only shined in his character but also was delineate by the society which he ruled. Thus the prince held great responsibility for his own self and the lives of all those, whose protection was sworn onto him. To take even a deeper abstract into the lives of the people of the 16th century, we might take a look into the analysis of the book Leviathan, written by Thomas Hobbes in 1660.After looking through the time via the perspectives of a story teller, and then a politician, we take into the report card of the era through the notions formed by a political philosopher this book did not only establish a political thought in the minds of thee people but was also significant enough in influencing and establishing the entire Western political philosophy and laying down the perspective for the social contract theory. The book was first written by Hobbes at the time of the English Civil War, where he saw chaos and trouble through out the society.In such times Hobbes believed that the only thing which could keep the community together would be a strong unified governing system which would act as a central body in decision making, keeping away the evils of chaos and civic misbehavior. The theory represented by Hobbes believes that if man is left without a government to live in a free market, operated by no restrictions, then he lives the life of nature, whereby everything is free for anybody, which in the long run would lead to war, poverty, frustration and hatred.To prevent this, a social contract needs to be established which would establish a civil society, and distribute the scarce resources in a much more efficient way. This is a form of a commonwealth, which would help establish a protected civil society. The book can be divided into four parts, whereas the one which represents the society and its relation to sexuality is book one, of Man. Chapter 6 of this book discusses the theme of the involuntary emotions which arise inside a human being, over which he holds no control, known as passions.He describes these motions of man as animal instincts, categorizing them as vital, and voluntary. Vital being those which formulate the metabolism and are innate, while the later are those which man learns with the course of his life. He by this formulates the idea that human nature is actually a by product of his metabolism. His innate motions form desires known as endeavors, which raise love and hatred in man, which then form an evil in a human being.While some of these desires are born with man, while some re learnt so with time and experience, and it is then from these appetites and aversions that passions arise which are known to be specific to human nature, of which those which qualify to be his appetite are those things that he likes, while those which fall into his aversions formulate his hatred and are evil. then(prenominal) Chapter 11 and 13 of the book describe how manners differ in human beings and how he would respond to his conditions of misery. Hobbes further here describes how power in man could be self created and that which is instrumental attained from his society.However a man may differ from another due to his different manners which come from his ability to negotiate between power and fear and it is through this knowledge that the society can in the end attain peace when fear originates from ignorance and a persons lack of foreseeing the futu re. Hobbes then concludes this part of his book with the thesis that when a human being lives in a society without any social contract, at that time he is living in a state of nature, and when a society is bent into such a living then it is nothing more than just a flake of imagination having no true existence.As Thomas Hobbes states In such condition, there is no place for industry . . . no Culture of the Earth no Navigation . . . no commodious Building no instruments of moving . . . no Knowledge of the face of the Earth no account of Time no Arts no Letters no Society and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Chapter 13)ReferencesFort, A. ,B. and Kates, H. , S. 1935 Don Juan or The Stone Death. Minute History of the Drama. New York Grosset & Dunlap. p. 47. Retrieved on Nov 27, 2007 from. http//www. theatrehistory. com/french/donjuan001. html Hobbes, T. (1651) The Leviathan. London Andrew Crooke. Chapter 13 Machiavelli, N. (1908). The Prince, (1513). ed. W. K. Marriott. London J. M. Dent and Sons, Pp 60. Plato. (1994) Collected Dialogues. eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Princeton Princeton University Press.

None of The Above Voting Essay

None of The Above or against all vote is designed in target to allow the voter to indicate his/her disapproval of all the burndidates in the voting system. Election is all about choosing the right candidate, not voting against or showing dissatisfaction over a particular party.Points in Favor- Gives true meaning to democracy People willing be able to express what they actually want political parties can project right and clear candidates Promotes spirit of democracyThe right purpose of democracy is to choose a put uper who is fit to run the constituency. A leader has to be selected if he/she is the right candidate, the decision should not be biased. Here, NOTA is a good option because this choice is always better than no voting. At least the political parties can know what people are looking for and right candidates can be presented. It would foster purity and vibrancy of elections, and more and more people will come to vote in order to express whether they are satisfied with t he candidates, the political parties represent.Points against NOTA- Lack of proper mechanism May lead to wastage of time and money Can also lead to re-electionEven if 90% of the voters choose NOTA, the majority of the remaining 10% will be the winner.so there will be no point for the voters to choose NOTA. Apart from this, it can be wastage of time. Suppose all the voters choose the NOTA option, then what is point of election? India is a democratic country where leaders are chosen on the basis of votes and if none of the candidates are selected then the whole election is a waste of time. Also it can lead to wastage of money because if no party wins or gets the majority of votes, re-election will be held, requiring a lot of spending.

Gender Segregation

Davis Anderson Sociology 3337 Prof. Korinek October 23, 2012 Group 7 Analysis of Revisiting the Glass Escalator The Case of Gender Segregation in a Female prevail Occupation This critical examination and study, done by Karrie Ann Snyder and Adam Isaiah Green, dives into the information of a predominately womens job, nursing, to find out if men really have a glass escalator when it comes to advancing up to top positions and dissects the notion of horizontal segregation.The glass escalator theory is one that assumes males in female dominate professions be pushed up the ladder to administrative and supervisory positions much easier and faster than women. Throughout the article, they explain the methods used to gather the data, both quantitative and qualitative and provide a plethora of information such(prenominal) as level of education, employment setting, number of years worked, personal interviews etc. They also break down the data and renounce claims that although widely believe d, may be false. It is somewhat ironic that the topic of this calendar weeks thought-piece paper is on the fetch upual segregation of nursing.Just about a week ago I was sitting in the orthodontists office and I looked over at the staff photos on the wall. Dr. Pobanz was in the middle with about 10 ladies on each side of him. That made me go back and think, and I came to the realization that I have never seen a male besides the doctor functional in a dentist or orthodontist office. Although it is not exactly a nursing position, it is a similar business organization and I would imagine has similar statistics concerning sex segregation. In my mind, it is just expected that most all nurses are female.It seems that back a few decades ago males were unheard of in the nursing field, and immediately they are becoming more common. It is interesting that this occupation is so stereotypical female that studies of this magnitude are conducted. So why is it that nursing is so dominated b y females? Well, nursing is associated with caring for others, being affectionate, and serving under someone of higher be. Males face strong societal pressure that steer them from entering occupations such as this as they do not want to be perceived as feminine or gay because of the nature of their job.Only 5. 5 percent of nurses in 2000 were men, a very small minority. Many pile think that of the few men that are in the nursing field, it is easier for them to move up to higher ranking positions. The face is that in administrative and supervisor positions women are just about as likely as men to hold those spots. The problem is that many people believe the societal stereotype that it is easier for men to gravitate toward the top positions, when in reality it is just about the same for both sexes.In the article, Carol Kleinman is referenced when she says that men, telling to women, enjoy systematic advantages in the nursing industry in terms of promotion and hiring (p273). The fin dings from this research show something very different than the assumptions of others. As shown in flurry 3, men do not receive higher returns for education, nor is there a significant interaction between years as a nurse and sex. These results suggest that, contrary to the glass escalator hypothesis, men are not promoted earlier in their career to top positions. (p281) The data suggests that rather than there being a segregation of male and females vertically among the sectors of nursing, horizontal segregation is much more likely, meaning grouping of gender in specialized areas is common. Certain areas seem to be made up of more of one gender than the other. For example, men are over represented in ICU, OR, and ER while women are over represented in outpatient, post anesthesia, labor/delivery, and general medical-surgical departments (p286).When interviewed about why they chose their specialization, men seemed aware of the gender connotations of their job, while women rarely me ntioned it as a factor. This is a manoeuvre cause of why segregation across different areas of work is much more prevalent than segregation through the administrative ranks. The name nurse a good deal carries with it negative connotations in the eyes of males. It is inherently feminine in its perception and plays a large role in scaring men away or create them concern about what others think and leading them into positions that are thought of as more manly.Nursing is unique in the wide range of specializations that it offers, and that may play a part as to why horizontal segregation is so widespread as opposed to vertical. Oftentimes males seek positions of prestige and in nursing those desires may be filled by working in masculine roles as opposed to higher-ranking positions that would typically validate success in other professions. From the data gathered and personal accounts reviewed, it seems that men chose positions thought of as more masculine based primarily on fulfilling the conceptions of gender identity.Financial interests and personal desires do have an effect, but it seems that sticking to the gender rules is the largest factor in determining the careers of practicing male nurses. The data in this study is vast and complex. It is hard to determine the sole contributor to the occurrent of gender segregation in the nursing practices. So many factors play into every individuals decisions, but signs point overall to an adherence to gender norms and affirmation for males that their occupation is not completely a womans job.

Rob Parsons -Promote Not Promote

This report presents an independent analysis addressing the insights for important management issues associated with murder appraisal and cognitive process management in the Capital Market Services of Morgan Stanley. The analysis will be managemented on identifying the major problems, analyzing the situations, and making executable and thorough recommendations for the mesa of Morgan Stanley to improve the existing situations. 2. Problem Statements. Rob pastor was a star producer in the Capital Market Services segment who had been recruited from a competitor two years ago and had generated substantial revenues since joining the crocked.I would like to address more specific and surface problems for this situation as follows 2. 1 Problem 1 -Rob Parsons Performing Issues. Parsons success at generating business was offset by action reviews from internal co-workers that painted him as a poor flout in the firms collaborative culture. Parsons performance issues had been making his two immediate supervisors, Paul Nasr, the senior managing director in primordial 1996 and Gary Stuart, the just promoted managing director in early 1997 faced the dilemma whether to promote Rob Parson as managing director. 2. Problem 2 -Rob as Irreplaceable Staff. Stuart felt certain that Parson would leave the firm if he was not promoted in 1997. This would mean losing a valuable employee and a star producer and creating an empty seat in an area important for the firms business. Morgan Stanley postulate Parson to attain the firms strategic business objectives and even Stuart felt strongly that Parson would be impossible to replace. 2. 3 Problem 3 Little consensus for the 360-degree military rank process The purpose of 360-degree evaluation is to emphasize teamwork, cooperation, and cross selling.However, there was little consensus on what the 360-degree evaluation actually meant in practice since its implementation in 1993. 3 Issues / Problem Analysis. It is doubt that the 360 degree performance evaluation process at Morgan Stanley yield data that were valid and reliable. It is critical to figure out whether the 360 degree performance management system well aligned with Morgan Stanleys strategic objectives. It is also important to verify the two performance evaluation results and bjectively induce the implications so that Gary or the board could effectively manage the situation. 3. 1 Not a real 360 degree performance review Nasrs time. The performance comment raw data including the quantitative, qualitative, and anecdotal no(prenominal) of which is perfectly consistent from the 360 process. It is doubt that raters knew how to effectively participate in the process and the Paul knew how to usance the data. There was no indication of raters interaction with Parson and how for each one raters rating contributed to the ordinary scores shown on Summary of mathematical operation Ratings.The arithmetic average for the collage average score is 3. 6, how ev er the overall rate is at 2. 8. It seems that quiet a number of Parsons supervisor and colleagues were admiring his cross-selling skill but it was hard to tie to the result of Downward Average 3. 0 and colleague Average of 3. 7. What were the criteria to judge item 4A in the Summary of Performance Ratings. -Team Player Skill and how the comments from Parsons supervisors and colleague tied to the average rating.Rater Parson Es comments in the Development Recommendation sections did not take on concrete example but just stating rather subjective observations and feelings. The rates were not interpretable and there was no scale identification for the rates. What a 2. 0 different was from a 4. 0 average score? What were the benchmarks? There was no explicit indication of managements expectations for Parson, such as specific sales target and customer satisfaction index that are measurable and be able to described in concrete terms.It seems that there was no prior communication of the expectations of the key performance indicators with specific values to Parson. There was no attempt to think deep the unique qualities of Parson that bring him to achieve excellent business sales. There were no indications of key success factors for Parsons that would link to the performance evaluation process. There was inherited bias from Nasr that he treated Parson harsher because he wanted to show to everybody in Morgan Stanley that he would not treat a subordinate who was hired from his previous life better. . 2 Improved 360 degree performance review Garys time In early 1997 during Gary Stuarts time A revised performance review raw data including the quantitative, qualitative, and anecdotal was survey up in different ways. The process had been diverseness when compared with the last year exercise in the following ways Indication of involvement from each rater and excludes the ratings from evaluators who had limited interaction with Parson when coming up with average score in every performance criteria to ensure fair evaluation.Indication of rating scale from 1-6 and with interpretations for each rating. However, there is no in-depth explanation on how to de hunky-dory overhaul 10%, Top 20% and Top 50% etc. Each rater leave aloned a rating with corresponding comments and valid examples for each performance requirements category excreting of the Team Player rating which was previous seen as a subjective and board term. However, the review showed an extraordinary amount of Parsons progress on the team imposter front by examples. The overall rating from downward and colleague at 5 and 5. respectively which is in the category of Outstanding -Top 20% It was mentioned by Stuart that he need to deal with the politics in the firm, it is time to think of whether Parson was confronting the culture or he a gear to help the firm to change some of the rooted culture. 3. 3 What are the alternatives? After illustrating the underlying causes of the problems, we h ave to consider whether the efforts Parson had made were sufficient to be promoted, promoting Parson would mobilizing a draw of support from within the firm. The main alternatives are as follows * Be prepared to search Parson 2 for replacement and fire Parson. No to promote and attach payment for Parson and let him tender his resignation. * Promote Parson to the managing director and further motivate and develop his weak area. 4 Solutions and Recommendations. Morgan Stanley changed its corporate strategy to focus on being a one-firm firm, the use of the 360 degree performance evaluation procedures at Morgan Stanley has been designed to reinforce the change in culture which is now evince teamwork, corporation, and cross selling. The firm should reward those who acting in accordance with the mention notions as well as great business generators.The main purposes of carrying out an efficient 360 degree performance appraisal in Morgan Stanley are to develop, to manage and to pay amp promote. The effectiveness of the performance judgment did affect the job satisfaction of Parson and the organization effectiveness. Therefore, it is critical to come up with a fair judgment for Parson, review and improve for any loop holes in the existing performance assessment process. I would like to recommend promoting Parson to the managing director, further motivating, rewarding and developing his weak areas.It was hard to compare the results from 2 consecutive years because it is meaningless to use some misleading or ill-defined rates from Nasrs time and compare to a more representative set of result this year. However, the revised process in the recent year provided more sensible data, it is worthwhile to focus on the review result of this year as decision making base. The Summary of Performance Ratings and Distribution showed that nearly all (except 33% of his supervisor rate 3 for leadership and management skills) Parsons supervisors rated 4 to 6 for all 4 perspectives include the overall Downward.These implied most of the Parsons higher up did recognize Parsons contributions. It should be easier to mobilize a consensus on Parson Promotion this year. The management needed to reconsider the motivation elements and to come up with a through career development plan for Parson rather than just focus on using the review result as a advancement justifications. Actions Plans * A constructive and through feedback session to be held by Stuart with Parson and mentioned that he will be promoted to the managing director on instruct that Parson need to further improvement on certain areas from leadership and management skills.Quote concrete example for his weak areas. * Make sure a feature job specifications (expectations) and key performance index for the managing director position be in placed. To communicate managements expectation to Parson clearly. * To carry out aft(prenominal) promotion review with Parson in three months time and make sure he will still be in good shape after his promotion. * Stuart has to tender a promotion recommendations report to the management with support and firm tone that Parson is ready to promote based on this years performance assessment results. * To involve those being rated in the development of the rating scheme.Continuous to carry out performance appraisals training to make sure all the staff understands the logic behind. To fine tune the process with more specific definition for each of the ratings. In conclusion, with proper implementations, a 360 degree performance assessment process can provide a more accurate assessment of an employees performance and help eliminate accusations of favoritism. It will definitely lead to continuous learning, team building, growing self-confidence and better productivity. I look forward seeing a more constructive and productive team lead by Parson in the coming future.

Big Stick Abroad John Milton Cooper

Big Stick Abroad John Milton Cooper To take away involved or not to get involved in global politics? That was not a question that Theodre Roosevelt ever had. Global politics were at the forefront of his mission as President. Within a year of Roosevelt becoming President he had interceded with Latin the Statesn affairs. I believe this was because Roosevelt felt that the bother threatened his visions for the United States. Roosevelt put the United States in the middle of Germany and Venezuela to encourage collect a debt that Venezuela owed Germany.He did the same thing to Heidi for europium. By 1904 Roosevelt had made America the fiscal protector over the Dominican Republic. Roosevelt was impartial to English speaking Countries. In 1902 Roosevelt yet again conspired to gain Alaska land from Canada, but in 1903 he agree to have an international tribunal settle the dispute. Canada was permitted three judges and so was America. Roosevelt conspired with Senator Lodge and Justice Holmes to side with Americas claim. Which in turn win America the rights to the land.One might think of Roosevelt as a bully when it came to foreign affairs because he did not always play fair and would always expect to get his way. As President sometimes you have to do what you think is best for your Country and look further down the line to decide if what you be doing will help or harm your Country. I believe the Roosevelt did what he had to do to make America a bigger and fiercer Country to mess with. I believe that his proudest moment was when he was able to strike a deal for America to have territory that would run through the of the new country.This would not al cardinal cut down on the time our men were out to sea but it would also protect them from the disease if they chose to take the path through the mountains. With Roosevelts help we were able to take Panama from Colombia and this was not the biggest victory. The biggest victory would come after Roosevelt had left over(p) office and the waterway that we called the Canal Zone was open. This ended up display the world the maturity of Americas engineering and was thought to be the biggest triumph of technology. I believe that this could have only been done with the help of Europe.When Roosevelt left office he had remorse and guilt for the way that we took the Panama canal. While in office Roosevelt wrote several letters and had a section in his biography book on the way that we took Panama and what he did was morally right. Roosevelt was the bully to all of the weaker countries and would be cautious in his approach with countries of equal or greater power than he United States. I believe that the writer of the article Mr. Copper was trying to explain to us that Roosevelt did what he thought was best for America and that he pushed the envelope when it came to foreign affairs.Roosevelt prided himself on his accomplishments with how far he was able to take America with foreign affairs. Mr. Copper writing never seemed to be one sided and told the story based on facts. I believe that this article was well written and places the facts out there for the reader to take it in and doesnt derange the readers views on Roosevelt. This is done by not having a one sided article this helps with not clouding the readers judgement. After reading the article I have a different perspective on Roosevelt. I feel that he was a bully when he needed to be, but in all honesty isnt that what America is and always will be?Roosevelt had a goal and a vision and he was able to accomplish them, and for that I applaud him for doing so. The way that he went about gain land and bullying the smaller countries that did not have as much power as we do, to me is not setting a unattackable impression on us as a country. That if you do not give us what we feel is ours or that we want we will take it by force. I also do not agree with interfering in other countries business. Roosevelt felt the need to be the mediator in the Germany and Venezuela situation and the Heidi and Europe transactions.I feel if other countries owe other countries that is for them to deal with not for anyone else to get involved. America has too many other things that should be a higher precedency to deal with them to play in other countries affairs. With that being said I do feel that overall that Roosevelt was an amazing president. I am not current if Roosevelts actions were always justified or made much sense to the citizens at the time. Without Roosevelt we would not have the Panama Canal and that was a major milestone for everyone.

Bcg Growth â€Share Matrix

BCG is an acronym which stands for capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group Growth percentage matrix. This is a mode which is recommended for all companies to use in the event of foodstuffing and resource allocation. The info collected by experts in shortstop letter environment indicates that there is no strategic attention which appears to be successful without using the BCG emersion feign.Boston Consulting Group is a amaze widely used by umpteen multinational and domestic companies as instrument in portfolio management in the event of employing a operose base to face their competing companies in the industry they be operating.The BCG matrix helps to play as analytical creature where a veritable company is faced with problems of unbroken merchandiseplaceplace growth rate and lack of advancement in general (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html). Boston consulting group (BCG) growth forthwith comes in as a firm which gears its efforts in gi ving consultation services to other companies in general organization management where need arises. This firm is grittyly respected in the business industry due to their efficient and effective job.This firm was started in the 1970s as a business firm but today it has the lead level in terms of business schools and executive education Programmes around the world (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html). Boston Consulting Group labels As a management tool Boston Consulting Group-sh are matrix stinkpot be used to classify product portfolio in four businesses types which are based on four in writing(p) lebels. this acknowledge stars money oxen question marks and dogs.it as well stipulates priorities which should be extended to a companies product portfolio. According to Boston Consulting Group, priorities in companys products portfolio hindquarters be given by use of the products portfolio funds usage and cash generational, i. e. input and output. Conseque ntly the model gives the company a high light on how to deal with various product lines. For multinational companies the model acts as an indispensable tool for analytical purpose in this event of evaluating their organizations diversified product lines (http//bankelele.blogspot. com/2007_07_01_archive. html). commercialise growth and relative market share are the two dimensions in which BCG growth-share matrix washbowl be based on. The two aspects reflect the level in which an organization has excelled in the industry it is operating. Products which are in fast growing market should be highly valued because they bring into the organization the highest profit beach in the organization and this can exactly be revealed through use of BCG growth-share matrix.Due to correlation between relative market and products cash generation, BCG helps to capture market share of a strategic business unit as well as analyzing how the units in an organization can be well advanced to have a compet itive advantage against those of the competitors. The underlying assumption in BCG is that the more an organization is engaged in a particular activity the more they save equal which could have been incurred during the time of trading (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html).This is a suggestion that the effect in experience curve requires that market share to be increased to change the company to lower the cost in the process of business operation. For those companies with dominant market share then its spend a penny that they for mend have a cost advantage over competition companies because they have won a greater share of the market (http//bankelele. blogspot. com/2007_07_01_archive. html). The Boston consulting group (BCG) matrix is based on a products life cycle theory which states that a product has four main stages in growth i. e. introduction in to the market, developed through strategic imagening, matureness stage after it has gained market adapta tion and finally decline stage whereby it starts loosing its taste and demand goes down.According to BCG matrix the product life cycle determines product portfolio of a business unit. The four categories in which BCG matrix use in placing products in portfolio includes cash cow whereby, these are units in an organization which have high market share but are mute in growth. Generally these are units which generate cash in excess of the amount of cash needed to say the business.All operating companies would like to own and keep up many of cash cow units to maintain the operations in their industries. They are referred to as stand and boring now that commit to this kind of unit might lead to low returns in a business companies normally invest low but they gain a harvest a lot from them,. These units should be well maintained for growth of other units in a business (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html) Dogs are units with low market share in mature slow gro wing industry usually referred to as pets.These units have got little or no cash generation which can be used to run or maintain the affairs in a business market share. From accounting perspective these units can only be good in a business in the matter of creating job opportunities to the jobless but in strategic market view they are un outlay to be maintained or included in a business product line. Such product units should be removed from business operating brass to avoid negative consequence in future. This is because they depress a profitable companys return on assets ratio used by many investors to judge how well a company is existence managed (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html).Question marks are the third class in product portfolio. They are units with high growth rate but low market share and thus they consume a lot of cash though they generate very little of it and this results to high rate of cash consumption in the business. These units hav e a potential of accelerating to a star level but when the market growth slows, they turn to be cash cows. If the market growth declines completely leading to low consumption, then question marks becomes Dogs.Therefore question marks should be supervisefully scrutinized to see whether they are worth investing in and corrective control mea menstruums to be taken. Stars are leader units in the market industry. They are units with high market share in a fast growing industry (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html). To maintain Stars in a business requires a lot of cash and therefore cash cows becomes the support of Stars. This is possible only if the business is worth to be leader in the market industry. If non well maintained Stars, can fall from being leader in the market and become cash cows.Due to the market trends, products in a particular organization keep on changing direction from Stars to Dogs. The subjective cycle for most businesses units is that t hey start as question marks then turns into stars. Eventually the market stops growing and business unit changes from Stars to Cash cows and then Cash cows turns to Dogs with time. BCG growth-share matrix in Unilever gild For a fast growing company and a multinational one for that matter, Unilever troupe which engages in different product lines have got no other option but to use the BCG model.This is because an invaluable analytical tool in their diversified product lines as it has been witnessed. According to FMCG and Retail marketing Blog article in February 2008, Unilever Company grew to sputter as P &G and it has taken market share in India. The Unilever Company sells household foods and other consumer related goods. According to the article released on February2008, the speculation of the company seems to notice a global revenue growth slow in the year 2010 as Procter and essay Company (http//universityessays. tripod. com/bcg_growth_share_matrix_boston_consulting_group.htm) Being the second worlds largest consumer product maker, Unilever has heavily relied on accelerating shipments of Surf Excel detersive in India to make up for sluggish sales in Europe. One of their branches is stocking Olay-skin-care products after nearly having the local hurts of Ariel and Tide in 2004. The speculation states that there will also be a down fall of the Unilevers product market share in Asia and Africa where the company has heavily marketed their products since its start of operation (http//www. amazon. co. uk/ critique/product/1403944539?showViewpoints=1) The estimated fall in Unilever overall sales growth is expected to be 4. 9 per cent in 2010 from estimated 5. 3 per cent in 2007. Its competitor, Procter &Gamble will have a market share increase in the year 2010, according to Bloomberg survey analysts. Unilever Company has various companies and factories in every unmixed and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England. It started a five year f easibility company initiative in their goal and making sure that they achieve their competitive strategy purposes and speculations.This was aimed at converging the marketing and disparate arms in their business including personal care and consumables into an umbrella function displaying the bigness of their contributions to personal vitality. As stated by its chief executive officer, Patrick Cescan, the company is planning to take a strong stance on sustainability in the market. apart from Breyers and Ben and Jerrys, all its ice cream business is done under the umbrella called Heart brand which was launched in the year 1999 and modified in 2002 as a way of promoting international brand awareness and cross-borders synergies in manufacturing and marketing.The company has the biggest market share in the ice cream industry with an annual turn of 5 billion (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2008/02/unilever-growth-to-sputter-as-p-takes. html) According to Boston Consulting Group, de velopment of matrix requires the assessment of a business portfolio, which includes an organizations autonomous divisions in terms of their profit or activities. Unilever company has advanced its strategic management plans to ensure that their products are competitive in the market.Being a consumer goods producer, it has observed global values in terms of heathenish diversities and other related issues in their marketing to ensure that they are not faced out of market. Although the model is not used as it was used in the past, BCG growth/share matrix it has one advantage in that it has an ability of providing a comprehensive snapshot of the positions of a companys various business concerns. It also draws attention to the cash flow investment characteristics and needs of organization to know how to manage and also help the organization to know how to manage and maintain a balanced portfolio.Unilever Company has collected the highest profits from their sales in Africa than any other continent where they have been involved in trading notwithstanding the decline in capital investment (Mercer, D, A 1993). In India and Asian countries investment is increasing and pound for pound profits are practically high than Europe. In the 1970s the Unilever company created an intricate services discount and bonus system in its Danish subsidiary, margarine selskabet aiming at selling as much as margarine as possible.This helped the company put business at a competitive position (http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2008/02/unilever-growth-to-sputter-as-p-takes. html) BCG matrix has been widely used in Unilever particularly in house hold goods whereby tastes and preferences change every time where applied BCG matrix helps not only in market growth but also position of cash flow in the organization. BCG matrix has acted as good indication of Unilever markets strength and future potentials and attractiveness to future competitors. Now that BCG matrix ranks only market share and industry growth rate it implies the actual profitably and purpose of any business unit in relation to the 4 graphic cycles in product portfolio.Unilever Company has dropped many products and developed new ones in the event of satisfying the market demands. In Africa consumer goods from Unilever company has highly excelled due to clear plan and matching with consumer interests. This has been possible through use of BCG matrix which helps identify the position of product in the market and take the possible measures for instance the cash cows business as units will gain their expected profits very fast which give s the management team an easy jobs.The house hold goods in Unilever including soaps and other types of ointments have excelled nicely in African and Asian countries. This helps to reveal good position in Unilever Company among other practicing multinational companies. This helps the company to make wise investment to get the targeted profits. The company has also experienced a lot of problems in certification of some the products in certain countries. This forces it to use extra cash to make aggressive promotion in already existing market to increase their sales.In 2005, the company had to permit Glidat Strauss to export its brand of ice cream to United States due to strict kosher certification of products in Israel where by ice cream and Krembo may be sold only in kosher supermarket and other important shops. The company has also invested much in some of its product brand like in personal care products which are believed to be in the question marks. Some of these personal care products cannot become cash cows indeed this is seen as wastage of money. The idea behind investing instars and questions is to enable them become cash cows.If they dont achieve real market dominance then it is advisable for the company to disinvest and try to get whatever possible cash out of the question marks that were not selected (http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/manage ment/Sc-Str/Strategic-Planning-Tools. html0).One of the limitations of Boston Consulting Group matrix is that high market share is not the only indicator for success factor but there are some other underlying forces which needs also to be considered. Also market growth is not only indicator for attractive ness of market.Sometimes Dogs can earn even more cash just the same as cash cows. All in all BCG matrix method can help understand or identify a mistake which is repeatedly done by an organization in the strategies they use. This is because there is a well installed system of checking the approaches to strategies used such as generic growth target or generic refine on capital invested for the entire corporation. If the company is experiencing a problem with some of the brand product lines they can dump them just as it is proposed in BCG matrix.Unilever Company used the BCG model as a tool for understanding where their power has in business situation. This is possible through under standing of both strength of their current position and strength of the position they are anticipating for.The company has put a strategic plan for 5 years which is aimed at saturating the whole world with their products which are competitive and consumer friendly. A team has been put in place to act on this by improving the companys weaknesses to strength and stipulate the scoop up methods which would be followed.All this is done to make sure that the company is performing at a level of fulfilling the set goals and standards (http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Sc-Str/Strategic-Planning-Tools. html). For the case of stars most companies uses prices skimming to track the market. The prices are normally high and this can lead to low sales. In most cases price skimming can only take very short periods of time which later affects demand of those products hence this products ends up entering in another level of the cycle like Questions marks which denies the company from e njoying its benefit (www.eduessays. com/Essays-x02887. htm). The Boston consulting group model has got other related limitations in that when used can make a company end up loosing market share. The BCG matrix model only insists an allocation of resources rule using cash but it does not specify the specific amount of share which a company will set out from this allocation and the market rate. Unilever company have ventured in very many consumer products and it becomes really hard to know which products is in stars or question marks hence it might end up fueling cash to a no growth products line.In some other instances a high market share does not lead consequently to a high profit margin it is clear that low business share are profitable, this can blind font the management to run their company at a loss without knowing if they insist on using more cash to such products. This is instigated by the fact that the model insists on only two dimensions i. e. market share and growth rate o f which other factors are held constant in theory but not in real practice (http//www. kmtalk. net/article. php? story=20070103041059823).The comparison given by BCG matrix is between the product and strategic business unit (SBU) only with a strong competitor in same level yet it disregard small competitor with fast growing market share. Like in consumer goods the Unilever Company has market share. Like in consumer goods the Unilever Company has targeted only the multinational companies without knowing that there are other small companies growing in their industry which can affect their sales in certain countries they have invested. This can lead to a company being put out of place in the market industry.Company which needs to be a leader in terms of market share should produce new products and charge them at a lower price to penetrate to the market. On the other hand BCG model is helpful to management in evaluating the firms current balance among stars cash cows, problem baby and dogs. And it is also applicable to multinational companies to seek large volume and experience effects because it is easy to understand. This model provides management with basis for understanding and deciding upon how to shit for the contingent future causes of action.This is useful especially when allocating the limited resources (www. eduessays. com/Essays-x02887. htm).References Economic matrix in big enterprises, available at http//bankelele. blogspot. com/2007_07_01_archive. html, accessed on July 24, 2008.Executive performance incentive plan of the Unilever Company, available at http//www. secinfo. com/dkrf. 66. 8. htm, accessed on July 24, 2008 The product portfolio of a business unit, available at http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2007/11/bcg-matrix. html, accessed on July 24, 2008.The BCG growth-share matrix, available at http//universityessays. tripod. com/bcg_growth_share_matrix_boston_consulting_group. html accessed on July 24, 2008.The FMCG & retail Marketing Blog, available at http//fmcg-marketing. blogspot. com/2008/02/unilever-growth-to-sputter-as-p-takes. html accessed on July 24, 2008.Strategic planning tools, available at http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Sc-Str/Strategic-Planning-Tools. html accessed on July 24, 2008.Limitations / problems of the BCG Matrix, available athttp//www. eduessays. com/Essays-x02887. htm accessed on July 24, 2008.Mercer, D, A ((1993) Two Decade Test of Product Life Cycle Theory pp 269-274, British Journal of Management, Vol. 4 http//www. newint. org/issue172/keynote. htm accessed on July 24, 2008.Unilever company and product lines, available at http//www. amazon. co. uk/review/product/1403944539? showViewpoints=1 accessed on July 24, 2008.Strategies in Unilever Company, available at http//www. kmtalk. net/article. php? story=20070103041059823 accessed on July 24, 2008.

Enron Collapse

What ar the main reasons that Enron collapsed? I think the reasons for the collapse are three fold. Firstly Enrons accounting practices(mark to grocery store accounting- companies estimate how much revenue a deal is going to bring in and state that cast in their earnings the moment the contract is signed) Its managements goal was to maintain the appearance of value by constantly having rising stock prices rather than focus on creating real value for the lodge.Secondly its reliance on excess Purpose Entities to constantly raise capital without increasing its indebtedness. It allowed losses to be kept off the books season assets to be stated. Enron had its own executives manage these partnerships and would make the deals work by guaranteeing that if whatever they had to sell off declined in value, enron would make up the difference in its own stock. So basically it was selling part of itself to itself.It was these pecuniary bolications to the SPEs that ended up triggering the c ollapse. Thirdly its lack of a truly independent auditor to dissent up to Enron ultimately caused its downfall. 2. Do you think Enron could have survived? I think if the company had acted internally when Sharon Watkins account suspicious accounting, and dealt with it internally , Im sure the share prices would have dropped upon reporting of the actual financials but maybe the company could have avoided bankruptcy. 3.Crisis Management Consultant of Arthur Anderson, what would your advice be to the CEO? I think I would have admitted the fatuity of performing both auditing and consulting functions I maybe would have focused on the hiring of of Arthur anderson employees as enron employees, who then managed the affairs of their old colleagues. Ethical lines got blurred. Then use this platform to lead the industry to reforms and act oversear of how to avoid their mistakes and breakdowns of parley within their corporation.

How to Achieve Better Work-Life Balance Essay

For most of us these days, having to hammer is not an option, but a necessity. Struggling to maintain a job and a family lot be demanding and stressful. While dealing with everyday chores at home, dinner, homework and different responsibilities, some hatful deem that being at work is like having a break. On the other give, for a single person, work may be the only genial life they have. While using the workplace as an waiver to get away from it all or as a place to socialize, it is important to be advised of actions at work that might annoy your co-workers.Manners do matter, not only in your social life but your workplace.Manners can come into various forms, but original etiquette in a workplace is vital, if you want to be respected or even make your job easier. For example, if your job involves you move emails to other clients, associates or managers. You always want the email to content a greeting, and goodbye. I said undecomposed because there are different forms of gr eetings and goodbyes depending on the receiver. Manners mean behavior that is considered to be polite in a particular society and culture Manners are what you do in a special way to be polite, courteous, etc. showing tight-laced manners means making the person most you not feel bad. Example You say please and thank you to show good manners. You are not showing etiquette while doing this. As everybody already knows that its a professional etiquette to use these words at workProfessional manner & etiquette consists of professional dress code the right dress with the right differentiate of color & combination of shoe and socks, exposing physical structure must be avoided. professional appearance, punctuality, use of professional language, positive attitude, non-verbal communication skills, maintaining hygiene. Manners impact of how others perceive you and your company. Your appearance and dress code, your way of welcoming people at first sight or later, your body language, your way of choosing words for your business conversation, your way of managing measure effectively, your professional way of interacting with people and finally your mindset are the core components of your professional manner and etiquette. apiece company must have a manual for professional manner and etiquette. New recruits should go with an induction program to understand these sensitive issues to deal with people at work. Even every socio-economic class there should be a review of a companys professional manner and etiquette to modify its manual to keep pace with the changing trends of global fashion and life style.Conducting a job wonder is the most widely used selection tool. It has proved most reliable and the employers rely on it in preference to any other tool. It is a process designed to predict future job surgery by candidates oral responses to oral inquiries. For having a better comprehension of Job interviewing it is proper will to go through the interpretations of the i nterview and job interview.An interview as defined is a conversation between two people where the interviewer put questions to the interviewees to get information from him. Job Interview on the other hand is generally defined as a conversation between an employer and a job candidate, where the employer evaluates a candidate for prospective employment in the organization. The two definitions show that an interview is a general line used for all kinds of interview, it gives out the broad outlines of the term interview. Job interview on the other hand is specific to a particular area namely employment. But, this is a common misconception that job interview is a unilateral process which, is not the case. The above definition of Job interview is very similar to definition of Job Interviewing, but not that of job interview as it does not give the full opinion and is incomplete.

Malaysia Chinese Culture Essay

Malaysias cultural mosaic is marked by many different cultures, entirely several in particular have had especi anyy lasting influence on the country. Chief among these is the ancient Malay culture, and the cultures of Malaysias both most(prenominal) prominent trading partners throughout historythe Chinese, and the Indians. These three groups ar joined by a dizzying array of indigenous tribes, many of which live in the forests and coastal areas of Borneo. Although each of these cultures has vigorously maintained its traditions and corporation structures, they have also blended to cookher to create contemporary Malaysias uniquely diverse heritage. inhabit by the three (3) major races found in Asia, Malaysia culture is a melange of Indian, Malay and Chinese influence The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back, comme il faut the busi est time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival. Airports, railway stations and trunk call bus stations are crowded with home returnees.The Chinese character fu (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper preempt be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the reversed fu is homophonic with fu comes, both being pronounced as fudaole. Whats more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall. Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents.thence each child pass on get money as a New Year gift, masked up in red paper. People in northern China bequeath eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think jiaozi in sound means bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the youthful. Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and manage for money and treasure. Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People concept the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits.However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, about bribe tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break small(a) balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room. People in different places follow various springer, but all show their love and longing for a better life. Today people will taste the full moon and eat moon cakes on that day.The moon looks extremely round, big and bright on the 15th day of each lunar month. People selected the August 15 to celebrate because it is a conciliate when crops and fruits are all ripe and weather pleasant. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, all family members or friends meet outside, putting nourishment on tables and looking up at the sky while talking about life. How splendid a moment it is There are many legends about the evolution of the festival, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan.People will dragon boat racing, eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day. On potassium hydrogen tartrate Boat Festival, parents also need to dress their children up with a perfume pouch. They first sew little bags with colorful silk cloth, then fill the bags with perfumes or herbal medicines, and finally string them with silk threads. The perfume pouch will be hung around the neck or tied to the front of a garment as an ornament. They are said to be able to ward off evil. The Qingming Festival sees a combination of sadness and happiness. This is the most important day of sacrifice.Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep t he tombs of the deceased. Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served. On each Qingming Festival, all cemeteries are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed. The customs have been greatly simplified today. After slightly sweeping the tombs, people offer food, flowers and favorites of the dead, then tangent incense and paper money and bow before the memorial tablet.

Social work and Drug Use

medicine mis medicate ab wont in Britain is a substantial and growing chore, with a signifi chamberpott and labored impact on the health and mixer functioning of many singulars. Parker et al (1995) highlight that Young raft ar increasingly using a wide range of doses and alcohol at a young age and the age of initiation into medicine intent appears to have lowered. This assignment aims to discuss what medicates be and the unmarried effects and social implication of medicine use. It entrust comp ar and production line the opposite terms associated with dose mistreat, for example recreational medicine use and dose dependence.It entrust examine the consequences, advantages and disadvantages of decriminalisation and reasonedization of doses as sound as the advantages and disadvantages of prescribing using heroin as an example. It will overly construction at theories adjoin substance misuse and will administer how social workers have been granted much fl exibleness in their intervention with substance misusers since shifting from the view that dose and alcohol misuse is a disorder. In plus to this it will highlight existing debates concerning the recent and current medicine policy in the UK.Service users who stimulate medicate problems be often subject to stigmatisation, discrimination and marginalisation non only as a result of their substance use but also as a result of age, gender and p everywherety. moreover, Harbin and stump spud (2000, P. 23) highlight that do drugs dependence evoke effect anyone with fall out regard to race, class, gender or age. This assignment will also look at what go and interventions, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as deterioration decrease strategies, argon functional to drug misusers and the accessibility of these usefulnesss. The World wellness Organisation (1981, P. 227) define a drug as each chemical entity or mixture of entities, separate than those mandato ry for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and peradventure structure. then this means that when profound drugs, such as headache t up to(p)ts, or misappropriated drugs, such as bathnabis, enter the rentstream they female genital organ affect how a soulfulness odours. doses can be grouped into three main types stimulants such as cocaine, depressants for example heroin, and hallucinogens such as magic mushentourage. (http//www. knowthescore. info, 2005). In supplement to the distinct groupings the law divides drugs into three classes A, B and C.Classification is found on the harm that proper(postnominal) drugs whitethorn get out to idiosyncratics, families and communities. (NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 10). Class A drugs involve heroin, ecstasy and crack. In order for drugs to work, they moldiness first enter the body. The main ways that a drug can be administered include orally, smoking, snorting an d interposeing. How a singular will react after taking drugs will depend on a number of factors such as the type of drug, how it is interpreted, what it is mixed with, the social context and whether the person is on other drugs at that time.Factors which whitethorn influence drug taking can be split into two across-the-board categories individual influences for example privateity or genetics and environmental influences such as nine, peer insistence or family. (Swadi, 1992, P. 156). All drugs affect the brains limbic system irrespective of on that point heavyity. Different drugs act on different areas of the brain and alter the chemical balance and these changes are responsible for the feelings and sensations roundtimes associated with drug use. (NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 7).Scientists call this the reward system. Usually, the limbic system responds to pleasurable experiences by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, which creates feelings of pleasure. This could exp lain why lot go on to misuse drugs. However, roughly plurality can occasionally use drugs without developing a tolerance or withdrawal symptoms whereas other commonwealth abuse drugs by repeatedly using them to parent pleasure, alleviate stress, or head off reality. This can lead to other drug colligate problems such as drug dependency.There are two types of dependency, psychological and tangible. Physical dependency occurs when the body is deprived of drugs. this deprivation leads to physical symptoms that vary with the drug. Whereas psychological dependency is based more on the individuals traits (habits, lifestyle) than on the substance itself. It is the storehouse of the pleasure associated with the object of the dependency that the individual thinks somewhat often and abundantingly. (http//thebrain. mcgill. ca/flash. par. tml, 2002)This highlights that different drugs have different effects and will require different interventions depending on the substance being misused. medicine dependency is characterised by craving a drug so much that it has control over the persons life. For example if mortal is hooklike on heroin and goes without it for any length of time, they will suffer extremely unpleasant withdrawal symptoms for several(prenominal) days. Taking heroin will make the drug user feel normal again (Drugs Know your Stuff, 2005).In this respect the drugs are having a medicinal effect on the individual be give birth the drug relieves the person from their withdrawal symptoms. Drug use in todays society is a problem non only for the individual but for their families and communities. Drugs protect families and communities (2008) supports this by saying The most negative effects for communities are those caused by drug dealing, drug related abhorrence and anti-social behaviour, which can undermine stable families and cohesive communities. In the UK drug the social effects of addiction are most commonly associated with criminality.Drug s know your stuff (2005, P. 21) identifies that E very(prenominal) year about 40,000 large number in the UK are fascinateed for drug offences. An example of a drug related offence could be shoplifting. This might enable the drug user to raise money to finance their drug use. It may also be associated with the uninventive image of young population wearing hooded tops sniffing glue or shooting up in worn flats who are labeled junkies. However, drug use does non always fit into this image as it is non age, gender or class specific.For example, white middle class nation who use cocaine as a recreational drug do not consider to get involved in execration to support their drug use. Therefore drug use is not always linked to plague. This is in contrast to the view of the Governments 1998 drug outline which had the main objective the plan to tackle drug abuse, first and foremost, as an procession of reducing offensive. It focused primarily on criminality and supported drug us ers who had get to outted crimes. In addition to this, overbold measures were introduced under the Drugs movement (2005) where the focus is also primarily on criminality.The new cultivate has implemented new police force powers to test for class A drugs such as heroin. These measures include examen on arrest which means people who are arrested for trigger offences are tested for drugs on arrest rather than when charged. The aim of this is to steer more offenders into treatment and away from crime. This will ensure that those who misuse drugs are not charged but dishered to engage in treatment. However, ability (2007) does not agree and believes that these measures should be cast out as they are ineffective and inefficient.As an alternative King recommends that greater use should be do of specialised drug courts. According to the recent Government drug dodge (1998) in that location was a peculiar(a) focus on problematic drug users and links to crime because statistics s howed they were responsible for 99% of the costs to society (estimated between i10 and i16 billion) 88% of which is drug related crime. (The Drugs Act, 2005) Therefore, often as an alternative to imprisonment a drug misusing offender within the criminal skilfulice system will automatically be given anteriority to access treatment.Drug Treatment and Testing Orders make under Section 1A (6) of the 1991 Criminal Justice Act required offenders to attend drug treatment as a condition of a probation order. (Hough et al, 2003, P. 6). This may cause problems because when faced with a prison sentence or a treatment programme the majority of people would most likely choose the latter even when they do not want tending for their drug problems. Ironically, someone who is serious about getting help for their drug problems and has not broken the law will usually be home based on a long waiting list for treatment.Although, Tackling Drugs Changing Lives (2005) country that the average nation al waiting times for treatment have fallen almost three lodge since 2001 (from 9. 1 weeks in December 2001, to 2. 3 weeks in June 2007). However, this cool it could possibly result in non offenders steal through the net especially since the most common referral route into treatment is self referral (NTA, 2006, P. 7). Thus possibly resulting in them not getting the treatment or support they require at that time.Therefore whilst they take place to a great extent on the waiting list for treatment social workers have a responsibility to give advice on minimising harm associated with drug misuse. Government policy has prioritised criminal costs of drug use King (2007) states that the wider issues that surroundings drug misuse such as the effects on communities, families and health are not taken into fib. Therefore advocates a harm reduction policy by sayingGiven that drugs may, and often do, cause significant harm to individuals, their family, their friends and their communities, the main aim of the law should be to sign up the count of harm that they cause. In response to the 1998 drug strategy The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), (2007) comment, through its Commission, that drugs are a matter of health and not just crime. The Commission argues that addiction to drugs and other substances should be treated as a chronic health condition and a social problem, not just a crime or cause of crime. In addition to this they also recommended that the primary aim of the new drugs policy should be to slue harm.The review of the National Drug Strategy in 2008 argued that the previous drugs policy did little to help the problematic drug users and to mitigate the impact on drugs in society. prof Anthony Kings the Chairman of the RSA Commission explains that in their view drugs in society are not just about crime. They criticised the previous strategy by saying in that respect was too much emphasis on crime and that there needed to be a shift from crime reduction and the criminal justice system onto an understanding of the more wide-ranging and complex social problems.For example the social consequences of drug use can include social exclusion. sight may lose their friends and family because of the stigma that surrounds drug misuse resulting in isolation. In addition to this drug use can have an impact on alive standards and may result in homelessness for example if their drug use is given priority over their household outgoings such as rent. Therefore King (2007) suggests that there should be wraparound goods which include individual social needs such as employment and hold as these problems often come hand in hand with chaotic drug use.The work of Professor A King has informed the new Government drug strategy and prior to the 2008 drug strategy being unveiled it was suggested by Prime Minister Gordon Brown that the new strategy would adopt a more holistic address when running(a) with drug us ers and there would be more support for people undergoing treatment. However, when the Governments new 2008 10-year drug strategy was revealed there were proposals to shake-up the wel fartheste system, effectively punishing drug abusers who break up to get clean. The Press Association (2008) highlighted that benefit payments to drug users may be turn outd if they befuddle out of treatment.This could possibly result in people not accessing treatment for the fear of dropping out and having their income reduced. Therefore the new strategy gives no consideration to relapse. Drug relapse is a process that begins when an individual slips back into old behaviour patterns and as identified by Regan (2003) as being the most damaging characteristic of drug taking. Relapse may occur because drug users are often stereotyped and may find it hard to reintegrate back into society. Therefore this proposal may not be very effective.In addition to this if a drug misusing parents benefits are cut a nd they are faced with buying food, for their children, or drugs that they are dependent on they may not necessarily be capable of making a rational decision. Cleaver et al (1999, P. 245) lends support to this by stating Family income may be used to satisfy parental needs. Purchasing food and clothing or paying essential household bills may be sacrificed. However it is recognised that parental drug use may not always affect the parents capacity to look after their children well. The British Medical Association (1997, P. 8) highlights that Drug use itself by parents need not arrive at a risk but neglect or abuse may be associated with problem drug use and should be addressed appropriately. However, long term drug misuse could impact on the families living standards and possibly result in a requirement for Social Services to intervene under air division 17 of The Children Act 1989. In addition to this people may resort to crime so they can afford the drugs they are dependent on. C ritics of the new drug strategy say there should be more focus on treatment and less on punishment (http//drugshealthalliance. et, 2008). Therefore better strategies need to be introduced to encourage drug users into treatment. An improvement to enable this could be not giving General Practitioners the choice to avoid providing drug treatment. This would allow people to be seen straight away by their General Practitioner and not placed on long waiting lists with other agencies. All drugs, hard or soft, illegal or legal can cause social problems to some degree. Although, it is suggested that many drugs are thought to cause problems provided because they are illegal.However, The British Medical Association (1997, P. 385) highlights that Both the Green and White Papers, Tackling Drugs Together, rejected any arguments for legalisation or decriminalisation on the grounds that wider use and addiction are very serious risks which no responsible Government should take on behalf of its citi zens. In contrast to this view Mullis (2003, P. 3) argues that all drug laws should be abolished. The legalisation of drugs would mean that people could buy drugs but only through legal sources, olibanum removing a major criminal resource and reducing crime levels.The British Medical Association (1997, P386) also suggests that crime would be significantly reduced if drugs could be purchased legally and money spent on law enforcement could be spent on treatment and education. On the other hand there is evidence that drug users commit crimes for other reasons and not just to finance their habit. Many drug users are involved in crime even when they have access to drugs on prescription such as methadone. (Graham and Bowling, 1995, P. 49). Therefore the social basis of the drug user may also contribute to why they commit crimes.However, even if crime was not considerably reduced, people buying drugs through legal sources would know the strength and quality of what they were using and so possibly reducing the risk of overdose. If drugs were legalised there is no evidence to indicate that crime levels would reduce. People would still need money to purchase drugs from legal sources and as highlighted by Robertson (1998, P. 209) it is uncertain that legislation would significantly reduce the cost of drugs. In addition to this alcohol and nicotine are highly addictive drugs that hold legal location.King (2007) suggests that the shout of Drugs Act (1971) should be repealed and replaced with a Misuse of Substances Act which includes alcohol and tobacco. As well as being addictive they can also cause major health problems. For example smoking can cause chronic lung unhealthiness, coronary heart disease, strokes, and various cancers. Some doctors have even reported that nicotine is just as addictive as heroin or cocaine, which indicates quite clearly as to how people move hooked so rapidly and stay hooked for so long. http//www. helpwithsmoking. com/effects-of-nico tine. php) Heavy drinking is linked to suicide, murder, fatal accidents, and many fatal diseases. It can increase chances of developing cirrhosis of the liver, and it has been associated with many different types of cancers. However, the NHS Direct (2008) emphasise that drinking a moderate amount of alcohol will not do any physical or psychological harm. In a recent survey Lifeline publications (2007) highlighted that approximately 114,000 people die every year from smoking tobacco.About 40,000 people die from using alcohol and the least amount of deaths occur as a result of all illegal drugs put together and is about 2,000 people. This clarifies that Although drug misuse poses risks to the user and others, from a health perspective it still remains a small problem in relation to the medical harm caused by alcohol and nicotine. (The British Medical Association, 1997). Therefore it is unmingled that the reason why some drugs are illegal is nothing to do with dangerousness.If drug classification is based on the harm that specific drugs may cause to individuals, families and communities. NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 10) then unquestionably nicotine and alcohol would some(prenominal) be classified. However, consideration needs to be given when looking at the above figures because more people may use alcohol and/ or tobacco because they are socially acceptable and hold legal status. If all drugs were legal, or the same amount of people who smoked used illicit drugs, then drug related deaths may significantly increase. However King (2007) suggests that the majority of people who use drugs are able to use them without harming themselves or others.Which means, according to King, the use of illegal drugs is not always harmful anymore than alcohol use is always harmful. Although it is paramount that people are still aware of the risks involved when using legal or illegal drugs. For example high impact adverts explaining the effects on all drugs as well as warning messages on alcohol similar to the messages on cigarette packets. Although King suggests that illegal drug use is not always harmful, heroin has been ranked the most dangerous drug by researchers The lance (2007).These finding were based on three factors which were physical harm potential for dependence and the impact on society such as costs to health care. Heroin dependency is an increasing problem in the UK which causes high social and criminal costs. (Stimson, 2003, P. 1) Therefore, some view prescribing the drug as a way to reduce drug-related crime and others emphasise the advantages of heroin prescribing as a way of reducing health problems, for example blood borne viruses. However prescribing heroin may have risks as well as benefits.Prescribing might attract more people into treatment. More heroin users might get help as they would be identified thus resulting in fewer untreated heroin users in the community. In addition to this prescribing would stop or reduce illicit her oin use. This would undercut the b escape market in illicit heroin possibly portion to phase out drug dealers. BBC News (2002) also highlights that the idea has gained favour amongst some senior police officers, who believe it could reduce the amount of drug-related crime.However General Practitioners worry that prescribing heroin would maintain the level of dependency reducing any motivation for a person to stop using the drug creating an addict for life. Therefore this may not necessarily be the best response to drug misuse. Since we live in a drug taking society it is paramount that there are interventions obtainable to substance misusers to help play down any potential harm. Under the National Occupational Standards social workers have a duty to manage risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, communities, self and colleagues.Social workers can help to reduce risks by implementing harm reduction strategies. handicap reduction policies, programmes, wait ons and actions work to reduce the health, social and economic harms to individuals, communities and society that are associated with the use of drugs. (UKHRA, 2005) equipment casualty reduction has a very high profile in drug treatment programmes it aims to focus on issues such as chevy exchange schemes and the risk of infection. The strategy is led primarily through the NHS and influences the Drug Action Teams (DAT).However, the strategy mainly focuses on minimising harm associated with intravenous heroin use. The NTA (2006, P. 7) highlights that Heroin was identified as the main problem drug for over two thirds (67 per cent) of clients receiving drug treatment. Nevertheless, the strategy accepts that people are drug dependent and therefore consideration is given on how best to reduce harm this includes access to study and clean injecting equipment. However, information needs to be widely available, written in relevant languages, and produced in an sociable format.Without any focus on harm reduction there are issues with blood borne viruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C that could be overlooked. Hepatitis C is a viral disease that destroys liver cells and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Balkin (2004) identifies that Most new cases of Hepatitis C occur in people who use contaminated needles or injecting equipment for drug use. Therefore although there are harm reduction programmes available for cut into users they may not be easily accessible. For example, an intravenous heroin user who needed clean needles is not likely to travel a few miles by bus to collect them.This could result in the person using, or sharing, dirty needles which increases the risk of blood borne viruses. With this is mind it may be useful to establish if there are mobile needle exchange receiptss available to especially in rural areas where people are often more isolated and may be less likely to travel long distances for clean needles. The advantages of t his service could be that because the service comes to the people who need it, clean injecting paraphernalia is more likely to be used therefore helping to reduce the risks of blood borne viruses.However, there may be some users who might be worried about using, or not want to use, a mobile needle exchange service. This could be because of the stigma attached to drug use and they may be worried about neighbours finding out that they have a drug problem. Another service that may possibly help drug misusers to minimise harm is drug consumption rooms. However this service is currently not available in the coupled Kingdom. Drug consumption rooms are places where dependent drug users are allowed to inject drugs in superintend, hygienic conditions.There are approximately 65 drug consumption rooms in operation in eight countries around the world but there are none in the UK. (http//www. jrf. org. uk/pressroom/releases, 2006) Drug consumption rooms may help to minimise blood borne viruse s and fatal overdoses. They would also help to take drug use off the streets and reduce numbers of discarded needles in public places. Drug users who congregate in public areas or open drug scenes are often homeless and marginalised, and lack access to social and health care services.Studies suggest that severe health risks are linked to street-based injecting. (Klee, 1995 opera hat et al. , 2000). Additional services within the drug consumption rooms can include needle exchange, safer injecting advice, Hepatitis B vaccines, safer sex information as well as counseling, showering and washing facilities. However, as highlighted by Drugscope (2004), there are some areas of controversy concerning drug consumption rooms. For example could the Government justify providing a service that enables people to engage legitimately in activities that are both harmful and illegal?Since drug users will take drugs regardless of there harmfulness and legality the Government should take into conside ration that drug consumption rooms have potential benefits. However, if these rooms were available in the UK they might encourage people to use hard drugs or increase drug related problems in the areas where they were located. In addition to this support from communities and local services such as police would be required if the consumption rooms were to be work in communities.New or amended legislation may also be necessary since under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) drug possession for personal use is an offense. However if drug consumption rooms were legal then would drug possession be legal? If this was not the case then there would be a contradiction between the two. Other services available within the United Kingdom for drug misusers include unpaid agencies such as drug support agencies, counselling, rehabilitation and aftercare services. Services available need to be both accessible and available to people who require them.There are many different sits that can be used when working with people with addictions. However When working with substance misusers it is helpful to consider two different works, the disease role model and the wheel of change. (Goodman, 2007, P. 103). In the 19th century the first disease fantasy was established. This model considered that alcohol and drugs were evil and people who misused them were labelled victims. Therefore, alcohol and drugs addiction was starting to be seen as a disease that required treatment.In the 20th century the second disease idea evolved and alcohol consumption was once again socially acceptable. Only a small minority of individuals develop a problem with excessive drinking. However, alcohol and drug addiction was still considered as an illness that required treatment and support. Goodman (2007) highlights that the disease model works for some and is supported in self help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous. He goes on to explain that people accessing the programme are told that they have a diseas e which prevents them from controlling their drink or drug problem.Consequently they need to avoid former drinking associates or drinking situation. However this model has implications as the nature of the disease has never been identified. It also suggests that a person with drug or alcohol problems has no choice or control over their decision making thus taking away their personal responsibility. Dick (2006) lends support to this by saying Drug misuse is not a disease it is a decision, like the decision to step out in preliminary of a moving car.You would call that not a disease but an error of judgement. In addition to this by following the disease model there is no consideration given to other factors such as psychological, cultural and family factors which may influence why someone may misuse substances. Therefore it does not adopt a holistic approach when supporting the service user. However according to National institute on Drug Abuse (2008) drug addiction is a brain disea se and highlights that Although initial drug use might be voluntary, drugs of abuse have been shown to alter gene expression and brain circuitry, which in turn affect human behaviour.Once addiction develops, these brain changes interfere with an individuals ability to make voluntary decisions, leading to compulsive drug craving, seeking and use. However, although this model will work for some people it may restrict social workers with their intervention because the model requires complete abstinence. Therefore there would be no harm reduction strategies needed such as needle exchange. The model also contradicts the General Social cope Council Codes of Practice (2002) as it does not work in an anti-oppressive manner.For example, by following the disease model approach the service user is not treated as an individual with individual needs and choices but as a person with no choice, control or autonomy over their situation because they are labelled as having a disease. In addition to this because the model does not adopt a holistic approach factors such as admit, employment and education are not taken into consideration. Although this model works for some consideration still needs to be given to the wider problems that surround drug misuse. The second model, the wheel of change was intentional by Prochaska and Diclemente (1994).It was produced from work they had done with people wishing to change their smoking behaviour, it soon became evident that their scheme was helpful for all addictive behaviours. It is a holistic approach and looks at areas such as housing and financial issues when supporting someone throughout the different stages of their alcohol or drug problems. Since the model is holistic it also allows social workers to work in partnership with other agencies such as housing. As far as social work practice is concerned this model is the value base of the codes of practice as it works within a positive framework promoting anti oppressive practice. In this model there is a cyclical process. It starts with a period of pre-contemplation when the service user does not know or feel that they have a problem. For those who are thinking about change they are at the contemplation stage. This is when the service user acknowledges the risks and problems caused by their behaviour and recognise the benefits of changing their behaviour. This may be when services are accessed, such as drug treatment agencies, for support. Following the period of contemplation service users who feel that change is sought after and possible begin preparing for the change.This stage of the cycle involves setting goals and making plans. Social workers can help service users by using motivational interviewing. This emphasises the potency of the service user and seeks to involve them in the work of changing their behaviour. It is non-judgmental, non-confrontational and non-adversarial. The approach attempts to increase the service users awareness of the potenti al problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks faced as a result of the drug taking behavior. However a great deal of commitment is required from the service user for this model to work.Once the goals have been established the changes need to be implemented. If plans are clear and goals are realistic they are more likely to be long lasting because service users may feel they can filter out their aim. Strategies to deal with problematic situations that may arise, such as relapse, are also very important, as are rewards for success and ongoing support. Adapting to this new behaviour is a difficult period where huge support is required, such as positive encouragement, to enable the service user to move into a period of maintaining the change.However service users need to believe in the possibility of change otherwise this model will not work. For example, someone who had committed a crime for a drug related offence and chosen treatment over prison may not identify their drug use as a problem. Therefore this model would not work because they have not even pre contemplated change. The wheel of change model links with the social model and allows social worker more flexibility when working with service users who misuse substances because it is predominately about empowerment and it involves the service user.This approach helps people recognise the risks involved with their behaviour and allows them to do something about it. Conclusion Drug misuse in Britain is a substantial and growing problem. It is not only a problem for the individual but for the Government and society. Problems for the Government could include increased crime resulting in financial costs and overcrowded prisons. Problems for the individual include social exclusion, physical and mental health problems, finance and legal issues and relationship problems.Problems for society include increased crime and increased cost on resources for example treatment and rehabilitation, police and social service involvement. Therefore treating the individual would benefit society and the Government. Policies to help treat individuals should include wraparound services which include issues such as housing, legal and financial issues and should also offer good aftercare treatment. However the new 2008 10-year drug strategy focuses more on punishment than on treatment and does not take relapse into consideration. Therefore new strategies need to be introduced to encourage people into treatment.In addition to access to treatment should be made easier for non offenders because at present problematic drug users who commit offences get preferential treatment over those who also have problematic drug problems but have not committed any offences. Society place different values on drugs and although alcohol and nicotine are highly addictive drugs they hold legal status and are socially acceptable. However, although legalising all drugs may be unrealistic and could possibly encourage drug use it would allow drugs to be bought from legal sources.Therefore crime levels may reduce and people would know simply what they were buying thus possibly preventing overdose. There is a large emphasis on harm reduction strategies, which mainly focus on heroin misuse, and although interventions such as needle exchange services are available for drug misusers they are not always easily accessible. Introducing drug consumption rooms to the United Kingdom has advantages as well as disadvantages. It is a controversial subject and has many contradictions regarding the law.However provided they were supervised and people used them the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The disease model allows social workers limited flexibility when working with service users who misuse substances as it does not adopt a holistic approach. It also links with the medical model as the individual is regarded as a victim. It suggests that a person with drug or alcohol problems has no choice or control over t heir decision making thus taking away their personal responsibility. In addition to this it does not take into account harm reduction as the aim of the disease model is complete abstinence.Whereas the wheel of change model takes into consideration the possibility of relapse when working with drug misusers and respects the autonomy of the service user to make their own decisions. It allows social worker more flexibility because it is predominately about empowerment and it seeks to involve the service user changing their behaviour. It adopts a holistic approach when working with people with addictions of any kind and therefore social workers work in partnership with other agencies or professionals to help support the individual with additional problems that link to their substance misuse.The wheel of change model takes into account both physical and psychological factors again allowing social workers more flexibility with their intervention. Although the disease model can work for som e individuals it requires limited intervention from social workers whereas the wheel of change model adopts a holistic approach which gives social workers more flexibility when working with service users who misuse substances.